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人称代词
一、主格人称代词有I， we， you， he， she， they， it，主格人称代词就是在句中充当主语和表语的代词
二、宾格人称代词有me， us， you， him， her， them， it，宾格人称代词即在句中充当宾语(含介词宾语)的代词
三、同步练习
1) Archibald Motley’s artistic talent [A] was apparent [B] by the time him [C] enrolled [D] in high school.
2) Legends often contain an element [A] of fact， but [B] sometimes it is [C] totally [D] untrue.
3) Unlike [A] road vehicles， Hovercrafts have no physical [B] contact with the surface over which [C] them [D] travel.
4) Let you and I [A] promise that we shall always [B] dare to do [C] what is [D] right.
5) Most of we [A] know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton， but how many [B] are aware that [C] they also direct with their faces， hands [D] ， and shoulders?
四、例题解析
1) C错。him是宾格，而此处却需要作主语的人称代词，故应将him改为主格he.
2) C错。 改为they are.C处代替的是“Legends”而不是“an element”。
3) D错。them也是宾格，应改用主格they，作定语从句中的主语，谓语为travel.
4) A错。 改为me.
5) A错。改为宾格us，因为前面是介词of，us作其宾语，故用宾格。
| 第 1 页：人称代词 |
| 第 2 页：物主代词 |
| 第 3 页：反身代词 |
| 第 4 页：不定代词 |
物主代词
一、表示人的物主代词用my， our， your， his， her和their，指无生命的东西用its(但指国家时一般用she或her)，它们在句中作定语
二、名词型物主代词能作表语(It’s theirs)、主语(Mine is there)、宾语(I don’t like hers)，与of连用可以作定语(the food of theirs)。
三、同步练习
1) A scientist bases its [A] work on hypotheses that [B] have been checked [C] through careful [D] experimentation.
2) Crude rubber is an [A] elastic(有弹性的) solid with a specific gravity of 0.911 and a refractive index(折射率) of 1.591， though it [B] composition varies with different latexes(橡浆) as well as [C] with the way it is prepared [D] at the plantation.
3) Manufacturers [A] of consumer goods [B] often change [C] the styles of them [D] products.
四、例题解析
1) A错。 改为his.
2) B错。 改为its.
3) D错。 改为their.
| 第 1 页：人称代词 |
| 第 2 页：物主代词 |
| 第 3 页：反身代词 |
| 第 4 页：不定代词 |
反身代词
一、反身代词有myself， ourselves， yourselves， himself， herself， themselves， itself.主语与宾语为同一人或物时，要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词)，反身代词也可放在名词或代词(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起强调作用
1) All [A] the scouts(童子军) got theirselves [B] ready for the [C] long camping trip by spending their weekends living [D] in the open.
2) Various [A] animals have shells that keep themselves [B] from growing beyond [C] a certain [D] size.
3) Benjamin Banneker’s aptitude [A] in mathematics [B] and knowledge of astronomy enabled himself [C] to predict the solar [D] eclipse of 1789.
4) The president announced that he himself [A] would act upon [B] the evidence as presented [C] to himself [D] by the congressional committee.
5) Garrett [A] Morgan died in Cleveland， Ohio， the city that [A] had awarded himself [B] a gold medal for his devotion [C] to public [D] safety.
6) Plants rid them [A] of excess water through [B] transpiration， the evaporation of extra [C] moisture from their [D] leaves.
7) When Jonathan went [A] to Spain with his [B] sister， he bought a [C] leather coat for her and another for him [D] .
二、例题解析
1) B错。 改为themselves.
2) B错。B处明显指代animals，而它前面的主语that却指代shells，也就是说“that”和“themselves”指的不是同一事物。由于主语与宾语不是同一物，故不能用反身代词，应改为宾格them.
3) C错。本句的主语为aptitude，而非Benjamin Banneker(在这里它作aptitude的定语)，而C处的代词却指上文提到的人名“Benjamin Banneker”，由于主语与宾语并非指同一人，故不能用反身代词，应改用宾格him.
4) D错。 改为to him.动词“presented”的(逻辑)主语是“evidence”，而不是A处的“he，”所以D“himself”处与C处“presented”的主语“evidence”不一致，所以不能用反身代词。
5) B错。 改为him.同上。
6) A错。此处的them指主语plants，rid是及物动词，由于主语与宾语指同一物，故应使用反身代词themselves.
7) D错。 改为for himself.
| 第 1 页：人称代词 |
| 第 2 页：物主代词 |
| 第 3 页：反身代词 |
| 第 4 页：不定代词 |
不定代词
一、“every”(每一个)只作为定语使用，即必须在其后加上单数可数名词构成名词短语，它不可与everyone(每一个)混淆。 everyone相当于名词，它不可修饰其他名词，只作主语或宾语
1) Every [A] knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated， but how many [B] realize that they were once [C] homes for the indigent and the friendless [D] ?
2) Everyone [A] child in the United States must [B] receive [C] some form of educational instruction [D] .
例题解析
1) A错。every不可单独充当句子成分，应在其后加上person或改为everyone.
2) A错。改为Every，修饰child.
二、“much”和“many”分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词，可作为代词(如much of)和形容词使用
3) Food seasoning plays an important [A] role in the cooking [B] customs of much [C] cultures in [D] the world.
4) The general sales tax has been [A] a major source of income for state governments， much [B] of which derive more than half [C] of their budgets from [D] it.
5) Data received from [A] two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence [B] that huge thunderstorms are now occurring [C] around the equator [D] of the planet Saturn.
例题解析
3) C错。应改为of many，因为被修饰词cultures为可数名词，故其修饰语应用many，而much要修饰不可数名词。
4) B错。应改用many，因此处所指代的是可数名词governments(复数)，many在本句中为代词，作非限定性定语从句的主语。
5) B错。应改为much evidence，因为evidence(证据，迹象)为不可数名词，故应用much来修饰。
三、 “some”和“any”是表示不定数量的代词，相当于汉语的“一些”，作定语可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词，其中some(包括它的合成词something，someone， somebody)多用于肯定句，而any(包括它的合成词anything， anyone， anybody)则用于疑问句和否定句中，其中any在否定句中相当于汉语中的“任何”;形容词修饰something， someone， somebody， anything， anyone， anybody， nothing， nobody时，形容词要放在这些词的后边
6) Historians [A] have never reached some general [B] agreement about [C] the precise causes of the [D] Civil War in the United States.
例题解析
6) B错。应为any general，因为本句为否定句(否定副词never)，应该用any，此处表示“(没有达成过) 任何共识”。
四、“another”和“other”分别表示“另外的一个”(an+other)和“另外的”“其余的”意思，可以用作定语修饰名词或单独作主语与宾语，其中前者只用来修饰或指代单数可数名词，后者修饰单复数名词和不可数名词，二者不能相互混淆
7) Lizards lack [A] the builtin body temperature control [B] many another [C] creatures possess [D] .
8) Some bacterium are extremely [A] harmful， but anothers [B] are regularly [C] used in producing cheeses， crackers， and many other foods [D] .
9) Like [A] most another [B] art forms， the Greek tragedy had [C] its origins in religious [D] observances.
例题解析
7) C错。应改用other来修饰可数复数名词creatures.本句是一个省略了关系代词that(或which)的定语从句，control为名词作主句中及物动词(谓语)lack的宾语，同时又受其后面定语从句的修饰。
8) B错。 改为others.
9) B错。 改为other.
五、one与other “one”作为代词代替前面提到的人或物，它前边加the; “other”作代词修饰复数名词。 “one…another”表示“一个…另一个”的意思，或表示多个(三者以上)之中的“另一个”，“又一个”; “one…the other”表示两者之中剩下的“另一个，又一个”
10) I’d like to [A] buy a coat similar [B] to one [C] you are wearing [D] .
11) Though [A] Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight [B] vision in another [C] ， he became [D] an internationally renowned jazz musician.
例题解析
10) C错。改为to the one.
11) C错。应用the other，因为此处表示两者之中的另一个，Art Tatum为人的名字，他只有两只眼睛，故提到“另一只”时应用the other.
六、 “few”和“little”两者分别为“many”和“much”的反义词，表示“少，很少”的意思，有否定含义，即等于“几乎没有”，如若表示肯定的含义，则应在little和few前加不定冠词“a”，即变为“a few”和“a little”
12) Because they are generally [A] taken simply to obtain a recognizable [B] and relatively clear [C] image， most nonprefessional photographs demand few [D] equipment.
例题解析
12) D错。应改用little，因为equipment为不可数名词，故其修饰语应用little，few后面只接可数复数名词。
七、 “a great deal (of)” (大量)只作为限定语修饰不可数名词或在句中指代不可数名词作主语或宾语
13) of giftgiving， barter， buying and selling goes on among the Narvjos.
[A] A great deal [B] A great many [C] Much greater [D] Many
例题解析
13) A为正确答案。空白后为不可数名词“giftgiving， barter， buying”，“[B] A great amny”和“[D] Many”修饰可数名词，而“[C] Much greater”本身是形容词，空档后不应有“of”， 所以填“[A] A great deal of”。
八、“nothing but”表示“只不过，就是，只有”
He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的。
Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们。
九、“anything but” 表示“根本不，并不”
She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。
John is anything but a liar. 约翰决不是个骗子。
十、“something of” 表示“略有”
He has seen something of life. 他略有阅历。
I’m something of a cook. 我略懂烹饪。
(试比较)
He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。
十一、“none other than”表示“就是”
The new arrival was none other than the President. 刚到的那人就是总统本人。
我们要注意none other than 与 other than 的区别，后者表示“与……不同”
I do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他改变现状。
The truth is quite other than what we think. 事实与我们所想的不一样。
十二、“none”有时可作副词，表示“一点也不”
We did the work none too well. 我们活干得一点也不好。
十三、nowhere可用以成语：be nowhere一无所得，一事无成;get nowhere一事无成，nowhere near离……很远。
十四、有些不定代词同时也是形容词，或有其他的含义
He is all attention， and she is all eyes. 他十分留意，她也注意力集中。
Everybody who is anybody (somebody) at all will be at the dance.
[句中的“anybody(somebody)”在此当“大人物，重要人物”讲。]
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